蒼 耳 (蒼耳子)
出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫
(→毒性研究) |
(→參考文獻) |
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4. Pharmacopoeia PR China I (English Edition). Chemical Industry Press, Beijing 2000; pp.91-92. | 4. Pharmacopoeia PR China I (English Edition). Chemical Industry Press, Beijing 2000; pp.91-92. | ||
| - | 5. Han T, Li HL, Zhang QY et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350237 Bioactivity-guided fractionation for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and constituents of Xanthium strumarium L.] ''Phytomedicine'' 2007; 14: 825-829. | + | 5. Han T, Li HL, Zhang QY et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350237 Bioactivity-guided fractionation for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and constituents of ''Xanthium strumarium'' L.] ''Phytomedicine'' 2007; 14: 825-829. |
6. Turgut M, Alhan CC, Gurgoze M et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15949201 Carboxyatractyloside poisoning in humans.] ''Annals of Tropical Paediatrics'' 2005; 25: 125-134. | 6. Turgut M, Alhan CC, Gurgoze M et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15949201 Carboxyatractyloside poisoning in humans.] ''Annals of Tropical Paediatrics'' 2005; 25: 125-134. | ||
| - | 7. Witte ST, Osweiler GD, Stahr HM, Mobley G. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2095279 Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium.] ''Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation'' 1990; 2: 263-267. | + | 7. Witte ST, Osweiler GD, Stahr HM, Mobley G. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2095279 Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of mature ''Xanthium strumarium''.] ''Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation'' 1990; 2: 263-267. |
| - | 8. Hatch RC, Jain AV, Weiss R, Clark JD. Toxicological study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur-Xanthium strumarium) in rats treated with enzymes inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depletory. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43: 111-116. | + | 8. Hatch RC, Jain AV, Weiss R, Clark JD. Toxicological study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur-''Xanthium strumarium'') in rats treated with enzymes inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depletory. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43: 111-116. |
| - | 9. Stuart BP, Cole RJ, Gosser HS. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7257080 Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium | + | 9. Stuart BP, Cole RJ, Gosser HS. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7257080 Cocklebur (''Xanthium strumarium'' L. var. strumarium) intoxication in swine: review and redefinition of the toxic principle.] ''Veterinary Pathology'' 1981; 18: 368-383. |
| - | 10. Islam MR, Uddin MZ, Rahman MS et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20922910 Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and toxicological studies of Xanthium strumarium L.] ''Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin'' 2009; 35: 84-90. | + | 10. Islam MR, Uddin MZ, Rahman MS et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20922910 Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and toxicological studies of ''Xanthium strumarium'' L.] ''Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin'' 2009; 35: 84-90. |
| - | 11. Scherer R, Duarte MCT, Catharino RR et al. [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibb.unesp.br%2Fservicos%2Fpublicacoes%2Frbpm%2Fpdf_v11_n2_2009%2Fartigo8_159_163.pdf&ei=JIHVTtuIKITFmQWqss1r&usg=AFQjCNGKNrcnW1btyuMphX5IfEjzQnhZ6w&sig2=ZqfCu7uRtzpp5KbIDR-TqQ Xanthium strumarium L. antimicrobial activity and carboxyatractyloside analysis through electrospray ionization mass spectrometr.] ''Rev. Bras. Pl. Med., Botucatu'' 2009; 11:159-163, . | + | 11. Scherer R, Duarte MCT, Catharino RR et al. [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibb.unesp.br%2Fservicos%2Fpublicacoes%2Frbpm%2Fpdf_v11_n2_2009%2Fartigo8_159_163.pdf&ei=JIHVTtuIKITFmQWqss1r&usg=AFQjCNGKNrcnW1btyuMphX5IfEjzQnhZ6w&sig2=ZqfCu7uRtzpp5KbIDR-TqQ ''Xanthium strumarium'' L. antimicrobial activity and carboxyatractyloside analysis through electrospray ionization mass spectrometr.] ''Rev. Bras. Pl. Med., Botucatu'' 2009; 11:159-163, . |
12. Stone R. Epidemiology. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6021/1130 A startling villain.] ''Science'' 2011; 331: 1130. | 12. Stone R. Epidemiology. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6021/1130 A startling villain.] ''Science'' 2011; 331: 1130. | ||
| - | 13. Cole RJ, Stuart BP, Lansden JA, Cox RH. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7451764 Isolation and redefinition of the toxic agent from cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium).] ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' 1980; 28: 1330-1332. | + | 13. Cole RJ, Stuart BP, Lansden JA, Cox RH. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7451764 Isolation and redefinition of the toxic agent from cocklebur (''Xanthium strumarium'').] ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' 1980; 28: 1330-1332. |
| - | 14. Wang Y, Han T, Xue LM et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699085 Hepatotoxicity of kaurene glycosides from Xanthium strumarium L. fruits in mice.] ''Die Pharmazie'' 2011; 66: 445-449. | + | 14. Wang Y, Han T, Xue LM et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699085 Hepatotoxicity of kaurene glycosides from ''Xanthium strumarium'' L. fruits in mice.] ''Die Pharmazie'' 2011; 66: 445-449. |
15. Streicher-Scott J, Lapidus R, Sokolove PM. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489026 Use of carboxyatractylate and tight-binding inhibitor theory to determine the concentration of functional mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocators in a reconstituted system. ''Analytical Biochemistry'' 1993; 210: 69-76. | 15. Streicher-Scott J, Lapidus R, Sokolove PM. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489026 Use of carboxyatractylate and tight-binding inhibitor theory to determine the concentration of functional mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocators in a reconstituted system. ''Analytical Biochemistry'' 1993; 210: 69-76. | ||
在2011年12月4日 (日) 14:15所做的修訂版本
基本資料
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科別 | 菊科 Asteraceae |
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屬名 | 蒼耳屬 Xanthiunm |
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中文學名 | 蒼耳(蒼耳子) |
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拉丁學名 | Xanthium strumarium L. var. japonica (Widder) Hara |
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英文名稱 | Spiny cocklebur |
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中文俗名 | 蒼耳子、大本虱母頭、牛虱母子、羊帶來、虱母子、卷爾、苓耳、羊負來、黐(ㄌㄧˊ)頭婆、老蒼子 |
植物圖片
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蒼耳全株 |
蒼耳葉正面 |
蒼耳葉背面 | |
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蒼耳果實(蒼耳子) |
蒼耳莖 |
蒼耳根 |
藥材圖片
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蒼耳莖（中草藥乾燥切片） |
蒼耳子1（中藥材） |
蒼耳子2（中藥材） |
蒼耳(蒼耳子)簡介
蒼耳子為菊科蒼耳屬的多年生草本植物，雖然在東方蒼耳子是被用來做為傳統藥用植物，此物種豐富的分佈在中國，常被用於治療鼻竇炎、頭痛、蕁麻疹和關節炎等疾病[4, 5]，但是在過去報導指出蒼耳子對於不同哺乳內動物具有毒性，如牛、馬和豬[6-9]。此外在國外發生數十人食用蒼耳子後而導致死亡[10]。除了有案例報導以外，有研究也已經證實蒼耳子內含的成分會造成人體的傷害[11]，食用蒼耳子中毒的部位以果實以及幼苗植株為主[12]。
外觀簡述
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莖 | 莖直立，高50~150公分，具紫紅色斑紋，全株披剛毛。 |
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葉 | 單葉，互生，具葉柄，柄長3.5~10公分；葉片長寬約5~15公分，括卵形，通常3~5淺裂，葉緣為不規則粗鋸齒緣。 |
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花 | 為頭狀花序，雌雄同株 |
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果實 | 瘦果成熟時呈褐色，與總苞憶起脫落，總苞頂端具2直立尖刺，先端為鈎狀。 |
[1, 3]
產地
分佈歐亞大陸。在台灣大多分佈在平地至低海拔山區路旁、曠地自生、耕地邊以及零星栽培，也分佈在澎湖及綠島[1-3]。
毒性研究
在過去的文獻報導除了指出蒼耳子對於牛、羊和豬等有毒性以外，在國外也發生一起食用蒼耳子之膳食食品後造成超過30名12歲以下兒童死亡的事件[10]。然而有文獻報導指出食用其果實以及幼葉的部分會導致人類肝細胞壞死以及心肌細胞損傷[11]。其中被分離出來的主要成分為kaurene glycosides的carboxyatractyloside (CAT)，其成分主要為肝毒性[13, 14]。
- 機轉
蒼耳子主要的毒性成分carboxyatractyloside的結構與腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate)相似，會抑制細胞膜內粒線側體的ADP translocase，抑制ADP translocase活性而使得ADP運輸至粒線體的量減少，因此會減少氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)以及減少ATO的形成，會導致粒腺體內的ADP/ATP不平衡，造成細胞功能被破壞[15]。在動物實驗發現carboxyatractyloside會使得血清谷丙氨酸轉氨酶(serum alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸轉氨酶(asparate aminotransferase, AST)、鹼性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)提高，主要是因為carboxyatractyloside會明顯提高肝臟的(malondialdehyde, MDA)濃度以及減少超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、過氧化氫酶(catalase, CAT)活性和穀胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)濃度，明顯的造成肝臟毒性[14]。
- 毒性成分
蒼耳子主要的毒性成份為carboxyatractyloside，此成分含量最多在種子及幼苗時期，其成分會隨著植株的成熟而減少，但如攝取大量的成熟植株也會導致毒性產生，其成分中毒會導致低血糖和肝損害[10, 12]。此外蒼耳子也包含了數種的倍半萜內脂(sesquiterpene lactones)，像是guaianolides、germacranolides以及elemanolides在高劑量的使用下會導致嘔吐、無力、震顫、食慾不振和抽搐[6-9]。
- 中毒劑量
目前沒有文獻確切的指出食用多少量的蒼耳子會造成中毒或死亡，但有報導指出食用子葉部分重量的0.75%即可能會導致死亡[16]。
治療方式
目前針對食用蒼耳子中毒的臨床治療方式大多是以支持性療法，包括增加胃蠕動、提供油質物質與牛奶防止吸收或是給予活性碳作為吸附劑，給予neostigmine或是physostigmine肌肉注射暫時緩解肌肉的問題，給予葡萄糖靜脈注射防止嚴重低血糖[16]。
毒性分級
參考文獻
1. 呂炎周. 臺灣藥用植物名錄. 嘉義縣: 呂炎周. 2005; pp.715.
2. 行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會. 臺灣藥用植物資源名錄. 台北: 行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會 2003; pp.47.
3. 鄭武燦. 台灣植物圖鑑 上冊. 台北: 茂昌圖書有限公司 2000; pp.14.
4. Pharmacopoeia PR China I (English Edition). Chemical Industry Press, Beijing 2000; pp.91-92.
5. Han T, Li HL, Zhang QY et al. Bioactivity-guided fractionation for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and constituents of Xanthium strumarium L. Phytomedicine 2007; 14: 825-829.
6. Turgut M, Alhan CC, Gurgoze M et al. Carboxyatractyloside poisoning in humans. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2005; 25: 125-134.
7. Witte ST, Osweiler GD, Stahr HM, Mobley G. Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1990; 2: 263-267.
8. Hatch RC, Jain AV, Weiss R, Clark JD. Toxicological study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur-Xanthium strumarium) in rats treated with enzymes inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depletory. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43: 111-116.
9. Stuart BP, Cole RJ, Gosser HS. Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L. var. strumarium) intoxication in swine: review and redefinition of the toxic principle. Veterinary Pathology 1981; 18: 368-383.
10. Islam MR, Uddin MZ, Rahman MS et al. Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and toxicological studies of Xanthium strumarium L. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 2009; 35: 84-90.
11. Scherer R, Duarte MCT, Catharino RR et al. Xanthium strumarium L. antimicrobial activity and carboxyatractyloside analysis through electrospray ionization mass spectrometr. Rev. Bras. Pl. Med., Botucatu 2009; 11:159-163, .
12. Stone R. Epidemiology. A startling villain. Science 2011; 331: 1130.
13. Cole RJ, Stuart BP, Lansden JA, Cox RH. Isolation and redefinition of the toxic agent from cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1980; 28: 1330-1332.
14. Wang Y, Han T, Xue LM et al. Hepatotoxicity of kaurene glycosides from Xanthium strumarium L. fruits in mice. Die Pharmazie 2011; 66: 445-449.
15. Streicher-Scott J, Lapidus R, Sokolove PM. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489026 Use of carboxyatractylate and tight-binding inhibitor theory to determine the concentration of functional mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocators in a reconstituted system. Analytical Biochemistry 1993; 210: 69-76.
16. Blough E. Cocklebur Toxicosis. In Singh D (ed) Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Edition Indiana: 2007.
