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出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫

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== '''參考文獻''' ==
== '''參考文獻''' ==
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1. Morton JF. Carambola. Miami, FL.: Julia F. Morton 1987, p.p.125-128.
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1. 徐惠君. [http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22095NPUS5360008%22.&searchmode=basic 新竹縣北埔鄉客家民族植物使用知識之研究.] 2007.
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2. 行政院農業委員會農糧署. 楊桃. 2008. [http://www.afa.gov.tw/tenclassic_index.asp?CatID=90]
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2. 張憲昌. 臺灣藥用植物圖鑑. 台中市: 晨星出版 2007.294
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3. Xu MJ, Deng ZW, Li M, Li J, Fu HZ, Proksch P, Lin WH. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15165134 Chemical constituents from the mangrove plant, Aegiceras corniculatum.] ''Journal of Natural Products'' 2004; 67: 762-766.
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3. Damanik R. Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour): a Bataknese traditional cuisine perceived as lactagogue by Bataknese lactating women in Simalungun, North Sumatera, Indonesia. J Hum Lact 2009; 25: 64-72.
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4. Chakthong S, Chiraphan C, Jundee C, Chaowalit P, Voravuthikunchai SP. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001841710001282Alkyl phenols from the wood of Averrhoa carambola.] ''Chinese Chemical Letters'' 2010; 21: 1094-1096.
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4. Singh G, Singh OP, Prasad YR, de Lampasona MP, Catalan C. Studies on essential oils, Part 33: chemical and insecticidal investigations on leaf oil of Coleus amboinicus Lour. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 2002; 17: 440-442.
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5. Cazarolli LH, Folador P, Moresco HH, Brighente IMC, Pizzolatti MG, Silva FRMB. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625113 Stimulatory effect of apigenin-6-C-beta-L-fucopyranoside on insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis.] ''European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry'' 2009; 44: 4668-4673.
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5. Dilexa Valera, Roimar Rivas, Jorge Luis Avila, Lianne Aubert, Miguel Alonso-Amelot, Usubillaga A. The Essential Oil of Coleus Amboinicus Loureiro Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Insect Anti-Feedant Effects. Ciencia 2003; 11: 113-118.
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6. Zhu YL, Li SD, Zhong JP, Zhou XQ. Determination and Analysis of Amino Acids and Microelements in the Averrhoa Carambola L.Flower. GuangDong Chemical Industry 2011; 38: 125-126.
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6. D. Prudent, F. Perineau, J. M. Bessierec, G. M. Michel, Baccou JC. Analysis of the essential oil of wild oregano from Martinique (Coleus aromaticus Benth.): evaluation of its bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1995; 7: 165-173.
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7. Hall NT, Smoot JM, Knight RJ, Jr., Nagy S. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7451749 Protein and amino acid compositions of ten tropical fruits by gas-liquid chromatography.] ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' 1980; 28: 1217-1221.
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7. Gopal R. Mallavarapu, Laxmi Rao, Srinivasaiyer Ramesh. Essential Oil of Coleus aromaticus Benth. from India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1999; 11: 742 -744.
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8. Adnan TAbT, Augustin MA, Ghazali HM. [http://psasir.upm.edu.my/2470/ Polyphenoloxidase from starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, L.).]  ''Pertanika'' 1986; 9: 219-224.
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8. Pino J, Rosado A, Borges P. Volatile Components in the Essential Oil of Wild Oregano (Coleus-Amboinicus Lour). Nahrung-Food 1990; 34: 819-823.
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9. Wilson CW, Shaw PE, Knight RJ, Nagy S, Klim M. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00062a009 Volatile Constituents of Carambola (Averrhoa-Carambola L).] ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' 1985; 33: 199-201.
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9. Damanik R, Wahlqvist ML, Wattanapenpaiboon N. Lactagogue effects of Torbangun, a Bataknese traditional cuisine. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006; 15: 267-274.
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10. Lutz A, Winterhalter P. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200898246 Dihydroabscisic Alcohol from Averrhoa-Carambola Fruit.] ''Phytochemistry'' 1994; 36: 811-812.
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10. Periyanayagam K, Nirmala Devi K, Suseela L, Uma A, Ismail M. In vivo antimalarial activity of leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (lour) spreng on Plasmodium berghei yoelii. J Commun Dis 2008; 40: 121-125.
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11. Wilson CW, Shaw PE, Knight RJ. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00114a025 Analysis of oxalic acid in carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) and spinach by high-performance liquid chromatography.] ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' 1982; 30: 1106-1108.
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11. Azirak S, Rencuzogullari E. The in vivo genotoxic effects of carvacrol and thymol in rat bone marrow cells. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23: 728-735.
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12. Hosoi S, Shimizu E, Arimori K, Okumura M, Hidaka M, Yamada M, Sakushima A. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404300 Analysis of CYP3A inhibitory components of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) using liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry.] ''Journal of Natural Medicines'' 2008; 62: 345-348.
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12. Stammati A, Bonsi P, Zucco F, Moezelaar R, Alakomi HL, von Wright A. Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short-term assays. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 813-823.
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13. Gross J, Ikan R, Eckhardt G. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200840406 Carotenoids of the Fruit of Averrhoa-Carambola.] ''Phytochemistry'' 1983; 22: 1479-1481.
 
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14. Cabrini DA, Moresco HH, Imazu P, da Silva CD, Pietrovski EF, Mendes DA, da Silveira Prudente A, Pizzolatti MG, Brighente IM, Otuki MF. [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/908059/ Analysis of the Potential Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Averrhoa carambola L. in Mice.] ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' 2011; 2011: 908059.
 
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15. 羅世杏. [http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?jnlcattype=0&jnlptype=0&jnltype=0&jnliid=2552&issueiid=31533&atliid=440130 楊桃木葉治療嬰兒尿布疹43例臨床觀察.] ''右江民族醫學院學報'' 2006; 641.
 
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16. Luo XY, Huang JC, Yang X, Wang LH, Huang RB. Antioxidative effect of Yangtaogen ( carambola root) polysaccharide ( YTGP) in vitro. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2011; 31: 1172-1174.
 
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17. Azeem AK, Mathew M, Nair C, Dilip.C. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764510601484 Hepatoprotective effect of Averrhoea carambola fruit extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice.] ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine'' 2010; 610-613.
 
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18. Soncini R, Santiago MB, Orlandi L, Moraes GO, Peloso AL, dos Santos MH, Alves-da-Silva G, Paffaro VA, Jr., Bento AC, Giusti-Paiva A. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937374 Hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) in rats: an in vivo and in vitro approach.] ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 2011; 133: 353-357.
 
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19. Zhang JW, Liu Y, Cheng J, Li W, Ma H, Liu HT, Sun J, Wang LM, He YQ, Wang Y, Wang ZT, Yang L. [http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/776 Inhibition of human liver cytochrome P450 by star fruit juice.] ''Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences'' 2007; 10: 496-503.
 
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20. Cazarolli LH, Folador P, Moresco HH, Brighente IM, Pizzolatti MG, Silva FR. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070612 Mechanism of action of the stimulatory effect of apigenin-6-C-(2''-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-L-fucopyranoside on 14C-glucose uptake.] ''Chemico-biological interactions'' 2009; 179: 407-412.
 
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21. Neto MM, da Costa JAC, Garcia-Cairasco N, Netto JC, Nakagawa B, Dantas M. [http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/1/120.full Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in 32 uraemic patients: treatment and outcome.] ''Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation'' 2003; 18: 120-125.
 
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22. Chang JM, Hwang SJ, Kuo HT, Tsai JC, Guh JY, Chen HC, Tsai JH, Lai YH. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10676715 Fatal outcome after ingestion of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in uremic patients.] ''American Journal of Kidney Diseases'' 2000; 35: 189-193.
 
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23. Neto MM, Robl F, Netto JC. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9550629 Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in six dialysis patients? (Preliminary report).] ''Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation'' 1998; 13: 570-572.
 
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24. Carolino RO, Beleboni RO, Pizzo AB, Vecchio FD, Garcia-Cairasco N, Moyses-Neto M, Santos WF, Coutinho-Netto J. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843046 Convulsant activity and neurochemical alterations induced by a fraction obtained from fruit Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae: Geraniales).] ''Neurochemistry International'' 2005; 46: 523-531.
 
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25. Vasconcelos CML, Araujo MS, Conde-Garcia EA. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16785041 Electrophysiological effects of the aqueous extract of Averrhoa carambola L. leaves on the guinea pig heart.] ''Phytomedicine'' 2006; 13: 501-508.
 
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26. Chen CL, Chou KJ, Wang JS, Yeh JH, Fang HC, Chung HM. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12101851 Neurotoxic effects of carambola in rats: the role of oxalate.] ''Journal of the Formosan Medical Association'' 2002; 101: 337-341.
 
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在2012年9月18日 (二) 04:00所做的修訂版本

中英文學名 科別 毒性 症狀

基本資料

科別

唇形科 Labiatae (Lamiaceae)

屬名

小鞘蕊花屬 Coleus

中文學名

到手香

拉丁學名

1. Coleus amboinicus Lour., 2. Pogastemon cabin auct. non (Blanco) Benth., 3. Plectranthus amboinensis (Lour.) Spreng.

英文名稱

Torbangun, Patchouli, Country borage

中文俗名

大葉薄荷草、廣藿香、本藿香、左手香


植物圖片

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到手香簡介

到手香於台灣民間傳統用藥中，主要用於治療發炎，特別是對於耳炎有很好的療效[1]，但目前並未有任何研究文獻針對到手香的可能抗發炎成分進行分析。由於並無研究文獻證實，且使用方式並不正確，因此使用到手香而引起的中毒案例，陸陸續續的在新聞報導中被報導出來。輕微的可能產生過敏現象，最嚴重的案例曾出現多重性器官衰竭，因此在使用上須特別注意安全。

外觀簡述

莖

多年生草本，全株密被粗毛肉質。

葉

枝葉具特殊香氣，葉對生，心形或闊卵形。

花

穗狀花序，頂生或腋生，小花唇形，淡紫色，萼5枚，雄蕊4，柱頭2裂。

果實

小堅果長卵形。


產地


使用情況

到手香在台灣民間用藥中，主要用於治療耳炎、喉嚨不舒服、外傷[1]；治中暑嘔瀉、胸脇苦悶、寒熱頭痛、心腹疼痛、癰腫、疔瘡[2]；印尼的傳統用藥則將到手香做為催乳劑，用於哺乳婦女，增加泌乳[3]。


活性成份

葉[4, 5]

  • Essential oil
    • thymol (0.5%-94.3%)
    • carvacrol (1.2%-64.7%)
    • 1,8-cineole (0.8%)
    • p-cymene (0.3%-18.8%)
    • spathulenol (0.2%)
    • terpinen-4-ol (0.2%)

地上部分[6-8]

  • Essential oil
    • p-cymene (6.5–1 2 .6%)
    • γ-terpinene (5.9–1 55%)
    • carvacrol (53-72%)
    • (Z)-1, 3-hexadiene (0.1%)
    • (Z)-3-hexenol (0.6%)
    • (E,Z)-α-farnesene (0.2%)
    • (E,E)-α-farnesene (0.2%)
    • α-muurolene (0.2%).

活性研究

  • 1. 泌乳(lactagogue)[3, 9]
  • 2. 抗瘧疾(antimalarial activity)：給予感染瘧疾的albino小鼠到手香水萃取物，250及500 mg/ml在24、48、72及96小時都有顯著的降低瘧原蟲量。相較現用的藥物chloroquine，250及500 mg/ml的藥物抑制率分別為67.9%及76.2%[10]。

毒性研究

  • 症狀
    • 皮膚紅疹、全身發養、水泡性紅腫並脫皮、結膜炎、口腔潰瘍並出血、解尿困難，合併出現膽妄症及肝功能異常等多重器官衰竭。

  • 有毒成分

1. carvacrol[11, 12] 2. tthymol[12]

  • 中毒劑量
    • 未知

  • 機轉
    • 未知

  • 基因毒性
  • 1. ECarvacrol (10, 30, 50及70 mg/kg b.w., 6h, 12h及24h)顯著提高結構染色體(structural chromosome)及總染色體(total chromosome)；Carvacrol (50及70 mg/kg b.w., 24h)同時也導致numerical chromosome aberrations顯著上升；Carvacrol (70 mg/kg b.w., 6h; 50, 70 mg/kg b.w., 12h)也表現出與urethane (400 mg/kg b.w.)相類似的降低mitotic index (MI)的能力。Thymol引起結構染色體(80, 100 mg/kg b.w., 6h; 100 mg/kg, 12h)、總染色體(60, 80及100 mg/kg b.w., 6h; 100mg/kg b.w., 12h和24h)及numerical chromosome aberrations (40, 80及100 mg/kg b.w., 6h和12h; 80, 100 mg/kg b.w., 24h)顯著異常。Thymol (60, 80及100 mg/kg b.w., 6h; 40, 60, 80及100 mg/kg b.w., 24h)相較urethane顯著降低MI[11]。
  • 2. Ccarvacrol (0.1 microM)及thymol (0.1 microM)以Aems試驗測試基因毒性，結果顯示經代謝後的給藥組相較控制組，回復率提高1.5-1.7倍，但並無顯著差異[12]。

毒性分級

級數B, 等級2


參考文獻

1. 徐惠君. 新竹縣北埔鄉客家民族植物使用知識之研究. 2007.

2. 張憲昌. 臺灣藥用植物圖鑑. 台中市: 晨星出版 2007.294

3. Damanik R. Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour): a Bataknese traditional cuisine perceived as lactagogue by Bataknese lactating women in Simalungun, North Sumatera, Indonesia. J Hum Lact 2009; 25: 64-72.

4. Singh G, Singh OP, Prasad YR, de Lampasona MP, Catalan C. Studies on essential oils, Part 33: chemical and insecticidal investigations on leaf oil of Coleus amboinicus Lour. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 2002; 17: 440-442.

5. Dilexa Valera, Roimar Rivas, Jorge Luis Avila, Lianne Aubert, Miguel Alonso-Amelot, Usubillaga A. The Essential Oil of Coleus Amboinicus Loureiro Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Insect Anti-Feedant Effects. Ciencia 2003; 11: 113-118.

6. D. Prudent, F. Perineau, J. M. Bessierec, G. M. Michel, Baccou JC. Analysis of the essential oil of wild oregano from Martinique (Coleus aromaticus Benth.): evaluation of its bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1995; 7: 165-173.

7. Gopal R. Mallavarapu, Laxmi Rao, Srinivasaiyer Ramesh. Essential Oil of Coleus aromaticus Benth. from India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1999; 11: 742 -744.

8. Pino J, Rosado A, Borges P. Volatile Components in the Essential Oil of Wild Oregano (Coleus-Amboinicus Lour). Nahrung-Food 1990; 34: 819-823.

9. Damanik R, Wahlqvist ML, Wattanapenpaiboon N. Lactagogue effects of Torbangun, a Bataknese traditional cuisine. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006; 15: 267-274.

10. Periyanayagam K, Nirmala Devi K, Suseela L, Uma A, Ismail M. In vivo antimalarial activity of leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (lour) spreng on Plasmodium berghei yoelii. J Commun Dis 2008; 40: 121-125.

11. Azirak S, Rencuzogullari E. The in vivo genotoxic effects of carvacrol and thymol in rat bone marrow cells. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23: 728-735.

12. Stammati A, Bonsi P, Zucco F, Moezelaar R, Alakomi HL, von Wright A. Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short-term assays. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 813-823.


中英文學名 科別 毒性 症狀
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